[
 {
  "id": "bldg-critical-it",
  "value": 100,
  "unit": "MW",
  "label": "critical IT capacity",
  "source": {
   "org": "Reference Architecture",
   "title": "Basis of Design, 100 MW GB300 NVL72 facility, Rev 03-S",
   "url": "/sources/#building",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "bldg-compute-share",
  "value": 80,
  "unit": "%",
  "label": "share of critical IT to GPU compute",
  "note": "The other 20% is storage and network.",
  "source": {
   "org": "Reference Architecture",
   "title": "Basis of Design, 100 MW GB300 NVL72 facility, Rev 03-S",
   "url": "/sources/#building",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "bldg-compute-mw",
  "value": 80,
  "unit": "MW",
  "label": "GPU compute block",
  "derivation": "100 MW × 80%",
  "inputs": [
   "bldg-critical-it",
   "bldg-compute-share"
  ],
  "source": {
   "org": "Reference Architecture",
   "title": "Basis of Design, 100 MW GB300 NVL72 facility, Rev 03-S",
   "url": "/sources/#building",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "rack-power",
  "value": 145,
  "unit": "kW",
  "low": 110,
  "high": 180,
  "label": "average rack power, GB300 NVL72",
  "note": "Training 130 to 180 kW, inference 110 to 150 kW.",
  "source": {
   "org": "Reference Architecture",
   "title": "Basis of Design, 100 MW GB300 NVL72 facility, Rev 03-S",
   "url": "/sources/#building",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "racks",
  "value": 552,
  "unit": "racks",
  "label": "GB300 NVL72 racks",
  "derivation": "80,000 kW ÷ 145 kW",
  "inputs": [
   "bldg-compute-mw",
   "rack-power"
  ],
  "source": {
   "org": "Reference Architecture",
   "title": "Basis of Design, 100 MW GB300 NVL72 facility, Rev 03-S",
   "url": "/sources/#building",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "gpus-per-rack",
  "value": 72,
  "unit": "GPUs",
  "label": "GPUs per NVL72 rack",
  "source": {
   "org": "NVIDIA",
   "title": "GB300 NVL72 inference throughput versus Hopper",
   "url": "https://www.nvidia.com/en-us/data-center/gb300-nvl72/",
   "year": 2025,
   "kind": "own-disclosure",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "gpus",
  "value": 39744,
  "unit": "GPUs",
  "label": "GPUs in the reference building",
  "derivation": "552 × 72",
  "inputs": [
   "racks",
   "gpus-per-rack"
  ],
  "source": {
   "org": "Reference Architecture",
   "title": "Basis of Design, 100 MW GB300 NVL72 facility, Rev 03-S",
   "url": "/sources/#building",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "pue-peak",
  "value": 1.35,
  "unit": "PUE",
  "label": "peak design PUE",
  "note": "W32 lane, 5-year extreme ambient, 100% IT load. An upper bound, not an operating point.",
  "source": {
   "org": "Reference Architecture",
   "title": "Basis of Design, 100 MW GB300 NVL72 facility, Rev 03-S",
   "url": "/sources/#building",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "pue-annual",
  "value": 1.2,
  "digits": 2,
  "low": 1.15,
  "high": 1.22,
  "unit": "PUE",
  "label": "annualized PUE, reference design",
  "note": "Free cooling at 32 °C facility supply. The headline scenario uses 1.20, inside this band.",
  "source": {
   "org": "Reference Architecture",
   "title": "Basis of Design, 100 MW GB300 NVL72 facility, Rev 03-S",
   "url": "/sources/#building",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "wue-reference",
  "value": 0,
  "digits": 1,
  "unit": "L/kWh",
  "label": "WUE of the reference design",
  "note": "Closed-loop direct liquid cooling, air-cooled chillers, no evaporative makeup. Approximately zero on site.",
  "source": {
   "org": "Reference Architecture",
   "title": "Basis of Design, 100 MW GB300 NVL72 facility, Rev 03-S",
   "url": "/sources/#building",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "chillers",
  "value": 60,
  "unit": "chillers",
  "approx": true,
  "label": "air-cooled chillers",
  "note": "630-ton each, N+1, six blocks of ten, integrated free cooling.",
  "source": {
   "org": "Reference Architecture",
   "title": "Basis of Design, 100 MW GB300 NVL72 facility, Rev 03-S",
   "url": "/sources/#building",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "chiller-tons",
  "value": 630,
  "unit": "tons",
  "label": "chiller capacity, each",
  "source": {
   "org": "Reference Architecture",
   "title": "Basis of Design, 100 MW GB300 NVL72 facility, Rev 03-S",
   "url": "/sources/#building",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "lineups",
  "value": 60,
  "unit": "line-ups",
  "approx": true,
  "label": "modular electrical line-ups",
  "note": "Distributed redundant, 5-to-make-4.",
  "source": {
   "org": "Reference Architecture",
   "title": "Basis of Design, 100 MW GB300 NVL72 facility, Rev 03-S",
   "url": "/sources/#building",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "lineup-mw",
  "value": 2,
  "unit": "MW",
  "label": "electrical line-up rating, each",
  "source": {
   "org": "Reference Architecture",
   "title": "Basis of Design, 100 MW GB300 NVL72 facility, Rev 03-S",
   "url": "/sources/#building",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "heat-capture",
  "value": 93,
  "unit": "%",
  "low": 88,
  "label": "liquid heat capture, nominal",
  "note": "88% minimum. The residual 12% is airside, for network and storage.",
  "source": {
   "org": "Reference Architecture",
   "title": "Basis of Design, 100 MW GB300 NVL72 facility, Rev 03-S",
   "url": "/sources/#building",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "bldg-area",
  "value": 216000,
  "unit": "SF",
  "approx": true,
  "label": "building area",
  "source": {
   "org": "Reference Architecture",
   "title": "Basis of Design, 100 MW GB300 NVL72 facility, Rev 03-S",
   "url": "/sources/#building",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "halls",
  "value": 4,
  "unit": "halls",
  "label": "data halls",
  "source": {
   "org": "Reference Architecture",
   "title": "Basis of Design, 100 MW GB300 NVL72 facility, Rev 03-S",
   "url": "/sources/#building",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "hall-area",
  "value": 24000,
  "unit": "SF",
  "approx": true,
  "label": "area per data hall",
  "source": {
   "org": "Reference Architecture",
   "title": "Basis of Design, 100 MW GB300 NVL72 facility, Rev 03-S",
   "url": "/sources/#building",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "bldg-length",
  "value": 600,
  "unit": "ft",
  "label": "building length",
  "source": {
   "org": "Reference Architecture",
   "title": "Basis of Design, 100 MW GB300 NVL72 facility, Rev 03-S",
   "url": "/sources/#building",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "bldg-width",
  "value": 360,
  "unit": "ft",
  "label": "building width",
  "source": {
   "org": "Reference Architecture",
   "title": "Basis of Design, 100 MW GB300 NVL72 facility, Rev 03-S",
   "url": "/sources/#building",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "site-acres",
  "value": 140,
  "unit": "acres",
  "approx": true,
  "label": "site area",
  "source": {
   "org": "Reference Architecture",
   "title": "Basis of Design, 100 MW GB300 NVL72 facility, Rev 03-S",
   "url": "/sources/#building",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "yard-length",
  "value": 620,
  "unit": "ft",
  "label": "chiller yard length",
  "source": {
   "org": "Reference Architecture",
   "title": "Basis of Design, 100 MW GB300 NVL72 facility, Rev 03-S",
   "url": "/sources/#building",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "yard-width",
  "value": 400,
  "unit": "ft",
  "label": "chiller yard width",
  "source": {
   "org": "Reference Architecture",
   "title": "Basis of Design, 100 MW GB300 NVL72 facility, Rev 03-S",
   "url": "/sources/#building",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "chiller-grid",
  "value": 62,
  "unit": "ft",
  "label": "chiller plant grid spacing",
  "source": {
   "org": "Reference Architecture",
   "title": "Basis of Design, 100 MW GB300 NVL72 facility, Rev 03-S",
   "url": "/sources/#building",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "staff",
  "value": 24,
  "high": 30,
  "display": "24 to 30",
  "unit": "people",
  "label": "staff on site",
  "note": "24/7/365.",
  "source": {
   "org": "Reference Architecture",
   "title": "Basis of Design, 100 MW GB300 NVL72 facility, Rev 03-S",
   "url": "/sources/#building",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "domestic-water",
  "value": 2000,
  "unit": "L/day",
  "approx": true,
  "label": "on-site domestic water, whole building",
  "source": {
   "org": "Reference Architecture",
   "title": "Basis of Design, 100 MW GB300 NVL72 facility, Rev 03-S",
   "url": "/sources/#building",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "domestic-water-per-user",
  "value": 0.7,
  "unit": "µL",
  "label": "domestic water per user-day",
  "derivation": "2,000 L ÷ 1.19 billion users",
  "inputs": [
   "domestic-water",
   "users-daily"
  ],
  "source": {
   "org": "Reference Architecture",
   "title": "Basis of Design, 100 MW GB300 NVL72 facility, Rev 03-S",
   "url": "/sources/#building",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "tok-benchmark",
  "value": 500000,
  "unit": "tok/s per rack",
  "label": "benchmark blended throughput",
  "source": {
   "org": "NVIDIA",
   "title": "GB300 NVL72 inference throughput versus Hopper",
   "url": "https://www.nvidia.com/en-us/data-center/gb300-nvl72/",
   "year": 2025,
   "kind": "own-disclosure",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "derate-duty",
  "value": 0.65,
  "unit": "×",
  "label": "serving duty cycle",
  "note": "Diurnal peak-to-average, time-to-first-token SLA headroom, spare capacity.",
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "derate-inference",
  "value": 0.7,
  "digits": 2,
  "unit": "×",
  "label": "inference share of the compute block",
  "note": "Training, RL and evals draw full power and yield no user tokens.",
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "derate-traffic",
  "value": 0.9,
  "digits": 2,
  "unit": "×",
  "label": "real traffic versus benchmark recipe",
  "note": "Imperfect batching, ragged context.",
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "derate-total",
  "value": 2.5,
  "unit": "÷",
  "label": "total derate",
  "derivation": "1 ÷ (0.65 × 0.70 × 0.90)",
  "inputs": [
   "derate-duty",
   "derate-inference",
   "derate-traffic"
  ],
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "tok-fleet",
  "value": 200000,
  "unit": "tok/s per rack",
  "label": "fleet-average throughput",
  "derivation": "500,000 ÷ 2.5",
  "inputs": [
   "tok-benchmark",
   "derate-total"
  ],
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "fleet-tok-s",
  "value": 110000000,
  "unit": "tok/s",
  "label": "fleet throughput",
  "derivation": "552 racks × 200,000 tok/s",
  "inputs": [
   "racks",
   "tok-fleet"
  ],
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "fleet-tok-day",
  "value": 9500000000000,
  "unit": "tokens/day",
  "label": "fleet tokens per day",
  "derivation": "110 M tok/s × 86,400 s",
  "inputs": [
   "fleet-tok-s"
  ],
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "tokens-per-user-day",
  "value": 8000,
  "unit": "tokens",
  "label": "tokens processed per user per day",
  "note": "Processed tokens: prompt, context, hidden reasoning, and output. Not words on screen.",
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "users-daily",
  "value": 1190000000,
  "unit": "users",
  "approx": true,
  "label": "daily users served by one reference building",
  "derivation": "9.5 trillion ÷ 8,000",
  "inputs": [
   "fleet-tok-day",
   "tokens-per-user-day"
  ],
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "prompts-per-day",
  "value": 4,
  "unit": "prompts",
  "approx": true,
  "label": "prompts in an 8,000-token day",
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "openai-tok-min",
  "value": 15000000000,
  "unit": "tokens/min",
  "label": "OpenAI API throughput, stated, March 2026",
  "note": "6 billion per minute was the figure stated in October 2025.",
  "source": {
   "org": "OpenAI",
   "title": "Accelerating the next phase of AI, 31 March 2026: over 15 billion tokens per minute on the API (6 billion was stated at DevDay, October 2025)",
   "url": "https://openai.com/index/accelerating-the-next-phase-ai/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "own-disclosure",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "openai-tok-day",
  "value": 21600000000000,
  "unit": "tokens/day",
  "label": "OpenAI API tokens per day",
  "derivation": "15 billion × 1,440 min",
  "inputs": [
   "openai-tok-min"
  ],
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "openai-racks-equiv",
  "value": 1250,
  "unit": "racks",
  "approx": true,
  "label": "GB300 racks to serve OpenAI API volume",
  "derivation": "21.6 trillion ÷ 86,400 ÷ 200,000",
  "inputs": [
   "openai-tok-day",
   "tok-fleet"
  ],
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "openai-mw-equiv",
  "value": 181,
  "unit": "MW",
  "approx": true,
  "label": "GB300 compute to serve OpenAI API volume",
  "derivation": "1,250 racks × 145 kW",
  "inputs": [
   "openai-racks-equiv",
   "rack-power"
  ],
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "hopper-tok-gpu",
  "value": 90,
  "unit": "tok/s per GPU",
  "label": "Hopper inference throughput",
  "source": {
   "org": "NVIDIA",
   "title": "GB300 NVL72 inference throughput versus Hopper",
   "url": "https://www.nvidia.com/en-us/data-center/gb300-nvl72/",
   "year": 2025,
   "kind": "own-disclosure",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "gb300-tok-gpu",
  "value": 6000,
  "unit": "tok/s per GPU",
  "label": "GB300 inference throughput",
  "source": {
   "org": "NVIDIA",
   "title": "GB300 NVL72 inference throughput versus Hopper",
   "url": "https://www.nvidia.com/en-us/data-center/gb300-nvl72/",
   "year": 2025,
   "kind": "own-disclosure",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "hopper-gap",
  "value": 67,
  "unit": "×",
  "label": "GB300 to Hopper throughput gap",
  "derivation": "6,000 ÷ 90",
  "inputs": [
   "gb300-tok-gpu",
   "hopper-tok-gpu"
  ],
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "pue",
  "value": 1.2,
  "digits": 2,
  "unit": "PUE",
  "label": "PUE, average modern AI build",
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "wue",
  "value": 0.5,
  "digits": 2,
  "unit": "L/kWh",
  "label": "WUE, average modern AI build",
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "grid-water",
  "value": 1.8,
  "unit": "L/kWh",
  "label": "grid water intensity, US thermal average",
  "note": "Water evaporated at the generating plant per kWh delivered. The largest single term in the water figure.",
  "source": {
   "org": "USGS",
   "title": "Thermoelectric water consumption, reanalysis 2008 to 2020; per-kWh intensities derived from consumption and generation",
   "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/data/thermoelectric-power-water-use-reanalysis-2008-2020-period-power-plant-month-and-year",
   "year": 2023,
   "kind": "government",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "grid-water-ccgt",
  "value": 1.2,
  "unit": "L/kWh",
  "label": "grid water intensity, gas combined-cycle heavy",
  "source": {
   "org": "USGS",
   "title": "Thermoelectric water consumption, reanalysis 2008 to 2020; per-kWh intensities derived from consumption and generation",
   "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/data/thermoelectric-power-water-use-reanalysis-2008-2020-period-power-plant-month-and-year",
   "year": 2023,
   "kind": "government",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "grid-water-li",
  "value": 3.1,
  "unit": "L/kWh",
  "label": "grid water intensity, Li et al.",
  "source": {
   "org": "Li, Yang, Islam and Ren",
   "title": "Making AI Less Thirsty: uncovering and addressing the secret water footprint of AI models",
   "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2304.03271",
   "year": 2023,
   "kind": "academic",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "grid-water-us2023",
  "value": 4.5,
  "unit": "L/kWh",
  "label": "grid water intensity, US national 2023 including hydro reservoir evaporation",
  "derivation": "211 billion gallons ÷ 176 TWh",
  "inputs": [
   "dc-water-us-gallons",
   "dc-twh-2023"
  ],
  "source": {
   "org": "Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory",
   "title": "2024 United States Data Center Energy Usage Report (176 TWh and 4.4% in 2023, and the water figures); for electricity, superseded by the 2025 Update of June 2026",
   "url": "https://eta-publications.lbl.gov/publications/2024-lbnl-data-center-energy-usage-report",
   "year": 2024,
   "kind": "government",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "dc-water-us-gallons",
  "value": 211000000000,
  "unit": "gallons",
  "label": "US datacenter water, direct plus indirect, 2023",
  "source": {
   "org": "Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory",
   "title": "2024 United States Data Center Energy Usage Report (176 TWh and 4.4% in 2023, and the water figures); for electricity, superseded by the 2025 Update of June 2026",
   "url": "https://eta-publications.lbl.gov/publications/2024-lbnl-data-center-energy-usage-report",
   "year": 2024,
   "kind": "government",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  },
  "note": "211 billion gallons is about 800 billion L, which LBNL reports as the indirect (power plant) term for 2023."
 },
 {
  "id": "ai-day-wh",
  "value": 2.42,
  "unit": "Wh",
  "label": "one day of AI use, electricity",
  "derivation": "8,000 tokens × (100 MW × 1.20 PUE ÷ 110 M tok/s) ÷ 3,600",
  "inputs": [
   "tokens-per-user-day",
   "bldg-critical-it",
   "pue",
   "fleet-tok-s"
  ],
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "ai-day-ml",
  "value": 5.36,
  "unit": "mL",
  "label": "one day of AI use, water",
  "derivation": "site 1.01 mL + grid 4.35 mL",
  "inputs": [
   "ai-day-ml-site",
   "ai-day-ml-grid"
  ],
  "note": "Datacenter scope: cooling water on site plus water evaporated at the power plant to make the electricity. Excludes network, device, training, and fab water.",
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "ai-day-ml-site",
  "value": 1.01,
  "unit": "mL",
  "label": "one day of AI use, water consumed on site",
  "derivation": "0.50 L/kWh × (2.42 Wh ÷ 1.20)",
  "inputs": [
   "wue",
   "ai-day-wh",
   "pue"
  ],
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "ai-day-ml-grid",
  "value": 4.35,
  "unit": "mL",
  "label": "one day of AI use, water evaporated at the power plant",
  "derivation": "1.8 L/kWh × 2.42 Wh",
  "inputs": [
   "grid-water",
   "ai-day-wh"
  ],
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "ai-day-site-share",
  "value": 19,
  "unit": "%",
  "label": "share of the water consumed on site",
  "derivation": "1.01 ÷ 5.36",
  "inputs": [
   "ai-day-ml-site",
   "ai-day-ml"
  ],
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "ai-day-grid-share",
  "value": 81,
  "unit": "%",
  "label": "share of the water evaporated at the power plant",
  "derivation": "4.35 ÷ 5.36",
  "inputs": [
   "ai-day-ml-grid",
   "ai-day-ml"
  ],
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "ai-year-kwh",
  "value": 0.88,
  "unit": "kWh",
  "label": "one year of daily AI use, electricity",
  "derivation": "2.42 Wh × 365",
  "inputs": [
   "ai-day-wh"
  ],
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "ai-year-l",
  "value": 1.96,
  "unit": "L",
  "label": "one year of daily AI use, water",
  "derivation": "5.36 mL × 365",
  "inputs": [
   "ai-day-ml"
  ],
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "ai-year-cents",
  "value": 6,
  "unit": "¢",
  "approx": true,
  "label": "one year of daily AI use, electricity cost",
  "derivation": "0.88 kWh × price",
  "inputs": [
   "ai-year-kwh",
   "price-kwh"
  ],
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "price-kwh",
  "value": 0.068,
  "unit": "$/kWh",
  "label": "electricity price used for the cost line",
  "note": "Implied by the brief's \"about six cents\" at 0.88 kWh. Roughly a US industrial tariff. Adjustable; a residential tariff roughly doubles the cents and changes nothing else.",
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "ai-year-almonds",
  "value": 0.55,
  "unit": "almonds",
  "label": "one year of daily AI use, in almonds",
  "derivation": "1.96 L ÷ 3.56 L",
  "inputs": [
   "ai-year-l",
   "almond-l"
  ],
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "total-water",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "sc-best-pue",
  "value": 1.15,
  "unit": "PUE",
  "label": "best-in-class new build, PUE",
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "sc-best-wue",
  "value": 0.1,
  "digits": 2,
  "unit": "L/kWh",
  "label": "best-in-class new build, WUE",
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "sc-best-wh",
  "value": 2.32,
  "unit": "Wh",
  "label": "best-in-class new build, per user-day",
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "sc-best-ml",
  "value": 2.98,
  "unit": "mL",
  "label": "best-in-class new build, water per user-day",
  "note": "Site 0.20 mL, grid 2.78 mL at 1.2 L/kWh (gas and wind grid).",
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "sc-legacy-pue",
  "value": 1.4,
  "digits": 2,
  "unit": "PUE",
  "label": "legacy evaporative, hot climate, PUE",
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "sc-legacy-wue",
  "value": 1.8,
  "digits": 2,
  "unit": "L/kWh",
  "label": "legacy evaporative, hot climate, WUE",
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "sc-legacy-wh",
  "value": 2.82,
  "unit": "Wh",
  "label": "legacy evaporative, per user-day",
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "sc-legacy-ml",
  "value": 8.7,
  "digits": 2,
  "unit": "mL",
  "label": "legacy evaporative, water per user-day",
  "note": "Site 3.63 mL, grid 5.08 mL.",
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "sc-hydro-ml",
  "value": 16.31,
  "unit": "mL",
  "label": "legacy evaporative on a hydro-heavy grid, water per user-day",
  "note": "Site 3.63 mL, grid 12.69 mL at 4.5 L/kWh.",
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "sc-bod-ml",
  "value": 4.35,
  "unit": "mL",
  "label": "reference design as built, water per user-day",
  "note": "Site 0, grid 4.35 mL.",
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "gemini-wh",
  "value": 0.24,
  "unit": "Wh",
  "label": "Google, median Gemini Apps text prompt, electricity",
  "note": "Includes idle provisioning and datacenter overhead. Excludes network, device, training, and storage.",
  "source": {
   "org": "Google",
   "title": "Measuring the environmental impact of AI inference (median Gemini Apps text prompt, May 2025)",
   "url": "https://cloud.google.com/blog/products/infrastructure/measuring-the-environmental-impact-of-ai-inference",
   "year": 2025,
   "kind": "own-disclosure",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "gemini-ml",
  "value": 0.26,
  "unit": "mL",
  "label": "Google, median Gemini Apps text prompt, water",
  "note": "Site cooling water only. Excludes water evaporated at the power plant, which this site counts.",
  "source": {
   "org": "Google",
   "title": "Measuring the environmental impact of AI inference (median Gemini Apps text prompt, May 2025)",
   "url": "https://cloud.google.com/blog/products/infrastructure/measuring-the-environmental-impact-of-ai-inference",
   "year": 2025,
   "kind": "own-disclosure",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "google-pue",
  "value": 1.09,
  "unit": "PUE",
  "label": "Google fleet PUE",
  "source": {
   "org": "Google",
   "title": "Measuring the environmental impact of AI inference (median Gemini Apps text prompt, May 2025)",
   "url": "https://cloud.google.com/blog/products/infrastructure/measuring-the-environmental-impact-of-ai-inference",
   "year": 2025,
   "kind": "own-disclosure",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "google-tv-seconds",
  "value": 9,
  "unit": "seconds",
  "label": "Google's own framing: one prompt is less than this many seconds of television",
  "note": "Implies a 96 W television. This site adopts that unit.",
  "source": {
   "org": "Google",
   "title": "Measuring the environmental impact of AI inference (median Gemini Apps text prompt, May 2025)",
   "url": "https://cloud.google.com/blog/products/infrastructure/measuring-the-environmental-impact-of-ai-inference",
   "year": 2025,
   "kind": "own-disclosure",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "google-drops",
  "value": 5,
  "unit": "drops",
  "approx": true,
  "label": "Google's own framing: one prompt is about this many drops of water",
  "source": {
   "org": "Google",
   "title": "Measuring the environmental impact of AI inference (median Gemini Apps text prompt, May 2025)",
   "url": "https://cloud.google.com/blog/products/infrastructure/measuring-the-environmental-impact-of-ai-inference",
   "year": 2025,
   "kind": "own-disclosure",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "altman-wh",
  "value": 0.34,
  "unit": "Wh",
  "label": "Sam Altman, average ChatGPT query, electricity",
  "note": "Blog post, not peer reviewed. Datacenter scope.",
  "source": {
   "org": "Sam Altman",
   "title": "The Gentle Singularity (blog post)",
   "url": "https://blog.samaltman.com/the-gentle-singularity",
   "year": 2025,
   "kind": "own-disclosure",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "altman-ml",
  "value": 0.32,
  "unit": "mL",
  "label": "Sam Altman, average ChatGPT query, water",
  "note": "On-site water only. Excludes generation water.",
  "source": {
   "org": "Sam Altman",
   "title": "The Gentle Singularity (blog post)",
   "url": "https://blog.samaltman.com/the-gentle-singularity",
   "year": 2025,
   "kind": "own-disclosure",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "epri-chatgpt-wh",
  "value": 2.9,
  "unit": "Wh",
  "label": "EPRI, one ChatGPT prompt",
  "source": {
   "org": "EPRI",
   "title": "Powering Intelligence: Analyzing Artificial Intelligence and Data Center Energy Consumption",
   "url": "https://www.epri.com/research/products/3002028905",
   "year": 2024,
   "kind": "independent-estimate",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "epri-search-wh",
  "value": 0.3,
  "unit": "Wh",
  "label": "EPRI, one traditional web search",
  "source": {
   "org": "EPRI",
   "title": "Powering Intelligence: Analyzing Artificial Intelligence and Data Center Energy Consumption",
   "url": "https://www.epri.com/research/products/3002028905",
   "year": 2024,
   "kind": "independent-estimate",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "gpt5-wh",
  "value": 18,
  "unit": "Wh",
  "approx": true,
  "label": "reported GPT-5 average per response",
  "note": "Third-party estimate. Some responses reported to 40 Wh.",
  "source": {
   "org": "Press reports",
   "title": "Reported per-response energy of GPT-5, University of Rhode Island AI lab estimates",
   "url": "https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2025/aug/09/open-ai-chat-gpt5-energy-use",
   "year": 2025,
   "kind": "independent-estimate",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "gpt5-heavy-wh",
  "value": 40,
  "unit": "Wh",
  "label": "reported GPT-5 heavy response",
  "source": {
   "org": "Press reports",
   "title": "Reported per-response energy of GPT-5, University of Rhode Island AI lab estimates",
   "url": "https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2025/aug/09/open-ai-chat-gpt5-energy-use",
   "year": 2025,
   "kind": "independent-estimate",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "model-spread",
  "value": 75,
  "unit": "×",
  "label": "spread between the lowest and highest published per-prompt figures",
  "derivation": "18 Wh ÷ 0.24 Wh",
  "inputs": [
   "gpt5-wh",
   "gemini-wh"
  ],
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "heavy-user-tv-min",
  "value": 45,
  "unit": "minutes",
  "label": "a heavy reasoning user's day, in minutes of television",
  "derivation": "4 prompts × 18 Wh ÷ 1.60 Wh per minute",
  "inputs": [
   "prompts-per-day",
   "gpt5-wh",
   "tv-min-wh"
  ],
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "dd-ai-device",
  "value": 0.5,
  "unit": "Wh",
  "label": "AI assistant, device",
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "full-chain",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "dd-ai-network",
  "value": 0.5,
  "unit": "Wh",
  "label": "AI assistant, network",
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "full-chain",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "dd-ai-dc",
  "value": 2.4,
  "unit": "Wh",
  "label": "AI assistant, datacenter",
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "full-chain",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "dd-ai-wh",
  "value": 3.4,
  "unit": "Wh",
  "label": "AI assistant, 8,000 tokens, about 4 prompts, full chain",
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "full-chain",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "dd-ai-ml",
  "value": 7,
  "unit": "mL",
  "label": "AI assistant, full chain, water",
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "full-chain",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "dd-ai-dcshare",
  "value": 71,
  "unit": "%",
  "label": "AI assistant, datacenter share of energy",
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "full-chain",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "dd-email-device",
  "value": 30,
  "unit": "Wh",
  "label": "email, device",
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "full-chain",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "dd-email-network",
  "value": 1,
  "unit": "Wh",
  "label": "email, network",
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "full-chain",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "dd-email-dc",
  "value": 1,
  "unit": "Wh",
  "label": "email, datacenter",
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "full-chain",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "dd-email-wh",
  "value": 32,
  "unit": "Wh",
  "label": "email, 1 hour in a client, about 120 messages, full chain",
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "full-chain",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "dd-email-ml",
  "value": 58,
  "unit": "mL",
  "label": "email, full chain, water",
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "full-chain",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "dd-email-dcshare",
  "value": 3,
  "unit": "%",
  "label": "email, datacenter share",
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "full-chain",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "dd-web-device",
  "value": 45,
  "unit": "Wh",
  "label": "web browsing, device",
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "full-chain",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "dd-web-network",
  "value": 6,
  "unit": "Wh",
  "label": "web browsing, network",
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "full-chain",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "dd-web-dc",
  "value": 1.5,
  "unit": "Wh",
  "label": "web browsing, datacenter",
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "full-chain",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "dd-web-wh",
  "value": 53,
  "unit": "Wh",
  "label": "web browsing, 1.5 hours on a laptop, full chain",
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "full-chain",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "dd-web-ml",
  "value": 95,
  "unit": "mL",
  "label": "web browsing, full chain, water",
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "full-chain",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "dd-web-dcshare",
  "value": 3,
  "unit": "%",
  "label": "web browsing, datacenter share",
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "full-chain",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "dd-social-device",
  "value": 7,
  "unit": "Wh",
  "label": "social media, device",
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "full-chain",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "dd-social-network",
  "value": 59,
  "unit": "Wh",
  "label": "social media, network",
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "full-chain",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "dd-social-dc",
  "value": 13,
  "unit": "Wh",
  "label": "social media, datacenter",
  "source": {
   "org": "Meta",
   "title": "Sustainability report, datacenter electricity, divided by daily active people",
   "url": "https://sustainability.atmeta.com/2025-sustainability-report/",
   "year": 2024,
   "kind": "own-disclosure",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "dd-social-wh",
  "value": 79,
  "unit": "Wh",
  "label": "social media, 2 h 21 min on a phone, full chain",
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "full-chain",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "dd-social-ml",
  "value": 149,
  "unit": "mL",
  "label": "social media, full chain, water",
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "full-chain",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "dd-social-dcshare",
  "value": 16,
  "unit": "%",
  "label": "social media, datacenter share",
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "full-chain",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "dd-stream-device",
  "value": 288,
  "unit": "Wh",
  "label": "streaming video, device (television)",
  "derivation": "96 W × 3 h",
  "inputs": [
   "tv-watts"
  ],
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "full-chain",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "dd-stream-network",
  "value": 92,
  "unit": "Wh",
  "label": "streaming video, network",
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "full-chain",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "dd-stream-dc",
  "value": 20,
  "unit": "Wh",
  "label": "streaming video, datacenter and CDN",
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "full-chain",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "dd-stream-wh",
  "value": 400,
  "unit": "Wh",
  "label": "streaming video, 3 hours HD on a television, full chain",
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "full-chain",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "dd-stream-ml",
  "value": 730,
  "unit": "mL",
  "label": "streaming video, full chain, water",
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "full-chain",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "dd-stream-dcshare",
  "value": 5,
  "unit": "%",
  "label": "streaming video, datacenter share",
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "full-chain",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "dd-stream-hours",
  "value": 3,
  "unit": "h",
  "label": "hours of streaming in the digital day",
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "full-chain",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "dd-social-hours",
  "value": 2.35,
  "unit": "h",
  "display": "2 h 21 min",
  "label": "daily time on social media, global",
  "source": {
   "org": "DataReportal",
   "title": "Digital 2025, daily time on social media",
   "url": "https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2025-global-overview-report",
   "year": 2025,
   "kind": "independent-estimate",
   "scope": "full-chain",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  },
  "note": "DataReportal's Digital 2026 report measures social and video feeds together at about 2 h 39 min a day, a different definition; the 2025 like-for-like figure is kept."
 },
 {
  "id": "us-screen-hours",
  "value": 7,
  "unit": "h",
  "approx": true,
  "label": "total daily US screen time",
  "source": {
   "org": "DataReportal",
   "title": "Digital 2025, daily time on social media",
   "url": "https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2025-global-overview-report",
   "year": 2025,
   "kind": "independent-estimate",
   "scope": "full-chain",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "dd-stream-screens",
  "value": 4,
  "unit": "screens",
  "label": "how many more screen-widths the streaming bar runs past the social media bar",
  "derivation": "floor(400 ÷ 79) − 1",
  "inputs": [
   "dd-stream-wh",
   "dd-social-wh"
  ],
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "full-chain",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "an-ai-kwh",
  "value": 1.3,
  "unit": "kWh",
  "label": "AI, annual, full chain",
  "derivation": "3.4 Wh × 365",
  "inputs": [
   "dd-ai-wh"
  ],
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "full-chain",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "an-ai-l",
  "value": 2.7,
  "unit": "L",
  "label": "AI, annual water, full chain",
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "full-chain",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "an-email-kwh",
  "value": 12,
  "unit": "kWh",
  "label": "email, annual",
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "full-chain",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "an-email-l",
  "value": 21,
  "unit": "L",
  "label": "email, annual water",
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "full-chain",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "an-web-kwh",
  "value": 19,
  "unit": "kWh",
  "label": "web browsing, annual",
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "full-chain",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "an-web-l",
  "value": 35,
  "unit": "L",
  "label": "web browsing, annual water",
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "full-chain",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "an-social-kwh",
  "value": 29,
  "unit": "kWh",
  "label": "social media, annual",
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "full-chain",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "an-social-l",
  "value": 54,
  "unit": "L",
  "label": "social media, annual water",
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "full-chain",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "an-stream-kwh",
  "value": 146,
  "unit": "kWh",
  "label": "streaming, annual",
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "full-chain",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "an-stream-l",
  "value": 267,
  "unit": "L",
  "label": "streaming, annual water",
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "full-chain",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "an-nonai-kwh",
  "value": 206,
  "unit": "kWh",
  "label": "combined non-AI digital life, annual electricity",
  "derivation": "12 + 19 + 29 + 146",
  "inputs": [
   "an-email-kwh",
   "an-web-kwh",
   "an-social-kwh",
   "an-stream-kwh"
  ],
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "full-chain",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "an-nonai-l",
  "value": 377,
  "unit": "L",
  "label": "combined non-AI digital life, annual water",
  "derivation": "21 + 35 + 54 + 267",
  "inputs": [
   "an-email-l",
   "an-web-l",
   "an-social-l",
   "an-stream-l"
  ],
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "full-chain",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "ai-adds",
  "value": 0.6,
  "unit": "%",
  "label": "what AI adds to a non-AI digital life",
  "derivation": "1.3 kWh ÷ 206 kWh",
  "inputs": [
   "an-ai-kwh",
   "an-nonai-kwh"
  ],
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "full-chain",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "iea-device-share",
  "value": 72,
  "unit": "%",
  "label": "streaming energy share, devices (IEA allocation)",
  "source": {
   "org": "IEA",
   "title": "The carbon footprint of streaming video: fact-checking the headlines",
   "url": "https://www.iea.org/commentaries/the-carbon-footprint-of-streaming-video-fact-checking-the-headlines",
   "year": 2020,
   "kind": "independent-estimate",
   "scope": "full-chain",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "iea-network-share",
  "value": 23,
  "unit": "%",
  "label": "streaming energy share, network (IEA allocation)",
  "source": {
   "org": "IEA",
   "title": "The carbon footprint of streaming video: fact-checking the headlines",
   "url": "https://www.iea.org/commentaries/the-carbon-footprint-of-streaming-video-fact-checking-the-headlines",
   "year": 2020,
   "kind": "independent-estimate",
   "scope": "full-chain",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "iea-dc-share",
  "value": 5,
  "unit": "%",
  "label": "streaming energy share, datacenters (IEA allocation)",
  "source": {
   "org": "IEA",
   "title": "The carbon footprint of streaming video: fact-checking the headlines",
   "url": "https://www.iea.org/commentaries/the-carbon-footprint-of-streaming-video-fact-checking-the-headlines",
   "year": 2020,
   "kind": "independent-estimate",
   "scope": "full-chain",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "net-fixed",
  "value": 0.02,
  "unit": "kWh/GB",
  "label": "network intensity, fixed",
  "note": "2019 IEA range halved for efficiency gains. Published estimates span an order of magnitude. Older, higher figures make streaming look worse, not AI.",
  "source": {
   "org": "IEA",
   "title": "The carbon footprint of streaming video: fact-checking the headlines",
   "url": "https://www.iea.org/commentaries/the-carbon-footprint-of-streaming-video-fact-checking-the-headlines",
   "year": 2020,
   "kind": "independent-estimate",
   "scope": "full-chain",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "net-mobile",
  "value": 0.06,
  "unit": "kWh/GB",
  "label": "network intensity, mobile",
  "source": {
   "org": "IEA",
   "title": "The carbon footprint of streaming video: fact-checking the headlines",
   "url": "https://www.iea.org/commentaries/the-carbon-footprint-of-streaming-video-fact-checking-the-headlines",
   "year": 2020,
   "kind": "independent-estimate",
   "scope": "full-chain",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "phone-watts",
  "value": 3,
  "unit": "W",
  "approx": true,
  "label": "phone draw while in use",
  "derivation": "7 Wh ÷ 2.35 h, from the social media row",
  "inputs": [
   "dd-social-device",
   "dd-social-hours"
  ],
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "device-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "laptop-watts",
  "value": 30,
  "unit": "W",
  "label": "laptop draw while browsing",
  "derivation": "45 Wh ÷ 1.5 h, from the web browsing row",
  "inputs": [
   "dd-web-device"
  ],
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "device-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "flush-l",
  "value": 6,
  "unit": "L",
  "label": "one toilet flush",
  "source": {
   "org": "US EIA",
   "title": "Average residential electricity consumption, and thermoelectric generation",
   "url": "https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/use-of-energy/electricity-use-in-homes.php",
   "year": 2024,
   "kind": "government",
   "scope": "device-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "almond-l",
  "value": 3.56,
  "unit": "L",
  "label": "one California almond",
  "note": "Attribution note: press coverage credits a 2019 USGS-affiliated study. The Fulton, Norton and Shilling 2019 paper reports about 12 L per kernel on a different basis, which would make every almond comparison on this site more favorable to AI, not less. Slightly under a gallon. Full embedded-water footprint.",
  "source": {
   "org": "USGS-affiliated study, 2019, as reported",
   "title": "Per-nut almond water footprint, 3.56 L; the Fulton, Norton and Shilling 2019 paper linked here reports about 12 L per kernel on a different basis",
   "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.12.063",
   "year": 2019,
   "kind": "academic",
   "scope": "total-water",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "bread-l",
  "value": 40,
  "unit": "L",
  "label": "one slice of bread",
  "source": {
   "org": "Water Footprint Network",
   "title": "Product water footprints (bread, coffee, egg, cotton)",
   "url": "https://www.waterfootprint.org/resources/interactive-tools/product-gallery/",
   "year": 2011,
   "kind": "academic",
   "scope": "total-water",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "shower-l",
  "value": 65,
  "unit": "L",
  "label": "one 8-minute shower",
  "source": {
   "org": "US EIA",
   "title": "Average residential electricity consumption, and thermoelectric generation",
   "url": "https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/use-of-energy/electricity-use-in-homes.php",
   "year": 2024,
   "kind": "government",
   "scope": "device-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "coffee-l",
  "value": 140,
  "unit": "L",
  "label": "one cup of coffee",
  "source": {
   "org": "Water Footprint Network",
   "title": "Product water footprints (bread, coffee, egg, cotton)",
   "url": "https://www.waterfootprint.org/resources/interactive-tools/product-gallery/",
   "year": 2011,
   "kind": "academic",
   "scope": "total-water",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "egg-l",
  "value": 200,
  "unit": "L",
  "label": "one egg",
  "source": {
   "org": "Water Footprint Network",
   "title": "Product water footprints (bread, coffee, egg, cotton)",
   "url": "https://www.waterfootprint.org/resources/interactive-tools/product-gallery/",
   "year": 2011,
   "kind": "academic",
   "scope": "total-water",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "burger-l",
  "value": 500,
  "unit": "L",
  "approx": true,
  "low": 330,
  "high": 800,
  "label": "one fast-food hamburger",
  "note": "1.6 oz raw patty (45 g) plus bun and condiments. About 800 L at the global-average beef footprint of 15,400 L/kg, about 330 L at a US feedlot figure. 500 L is the planning central.",
  "source": {
   "org": "Mekonnen and Hoekstra",
   "title": "A global assessment of the water footprint of farm animal products, Ecosystems",
   "url": "https://waterfootprint.org/resources/Mekonnen-Hoekstra-2012-WaterFootprintFarmAnimalProducts_1.pdf",
   "year": 2012,
   "kind": "academic",
   "scope": "total-water",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "beef-l-kg",
  "value": 15400,
  "unit": "L/kg",
  "label": "global-average beef water footprint",
  "source": {
   "org": "Mekonnen and Hoekstra",
   "title": "A global assessment of the water footprint of farm animal products, Ecosystems",
   "url": "https://waterfootprint.org/resources/Mekonnen-Hoekstra-2012-WaterFootprintFarmAnimalProducts_1.pdf",
   "year": 2012,
   "kind": "academic",
   "scope": "total-water",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "tshirt-l",
  "value": 2700,
  "unit": "L",
  "label": "one cotton t-shirt",
  "source": {
   "org": "Water Footprint Network",
   "title": "Product water footprints (bread, coffee, egg, cotton)",
   "url": "https://www.waterfootprint.org/resources/interactive-tools/product-gallery/",
   "year": 2011,
   "kind": "academic",
   "scope": "total-water",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "flush-days",
  "value": 1120,
  "unit": "AI days",
  "label": "one toilet flush, in AI user-days",
  "derivation": "6 L ÷ 5.36 mL",
  "inputs": [
   "flush-l",
   "ai-day-ml"
  ],
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "total-water",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "almond-days",
  "value": 665,
  "unit": "AI days",
  "label": "one almond, in AI user-days",
  "derivation": "3.56 L ÷ 5.36 mL",
  "inputs": [
   "almond-l",
   "ai-day-ml"
  ],
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "total-water",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "almond-years",
  "value": 1.8,
  "unit": "AI years",
  "label": "one almond, in years of daily AI use",
  "derivation": "665 ÷ 365",
  "inputs": [
   "almond-days"
  ],
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "total-water",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "shower-days",
  "value": 12130,
  "unit": "AI days",
  "label": "one shower, in AI user-days",
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "total-water",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "shower-years",
  "value": 33,
  "unit": "AI years",
  "label": "one shower, in years of daily AI use",
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "total-water",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "burger-days",
  "value": 93330,
  "unit": "AI days",
  "label": "one hamburger, in AI user-days",
  "derivation": "500 L ÷ 5.36 mL",
  "inputs": [
   "burger-l",
   "ai-day-ml"
  ],
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "total-water",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "burger-years",
  "value": 256,
  "unit": "AI years",
  "label": "one hamburger, in years of daily AI use",
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "total-water",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "tshirt-years",
  "value": 1380,
  "unit": "AI years",
  "label": "one t-shirt, in years of daily AI use",
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "total-water",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "led-wh",
  "value": 10,
  "unit": "Wh",
  "label": "a 10 W LED bulb for one hour",
  "source": {
   "org": "US EIA",
   "title": "Average residential electricity consumption, and thermoelectric generation",
   "url": "https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/use-of-energy/electricity-use-in-homes.php",
   "year": 2024,
   "kind": "government",
   "scope": "device-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "phone-charge-wh",
  "value": 13,
  "unit": "Wh",
  "label": "charging a phone",
  "source": {
   "org": "US EIA",
   "title": "Average residential electricity consumption, and thermoelectric generation",
   "url": "https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/use-of-energy/electricity-use-in-homes.php",
   "year": 2024,
   "kind": "government",
   "scope": "device-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "boil-wh",
  "value": 100,
  "unit": "Wh",
  "label": "boiling a liter of water",
  "source": {
   "org": "US EIA",
   "title": "Average residential electricity consumption, and thermoelectric generation",
   "url": "https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/use-of-energy/electricity-use-in-homes.php",
   "year": 2024,
   "kind": "government",
   "scope": "device-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "stream-hour-wh",
  "value": 133,
  "unit": "Wh",
  "approx": true,
  "label": "one hour of HD streaming, full chain",
  "derivation": "400 Wh ÷ 3 h",
  "inputs": [
   "dd-stream-wh"
  ],
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "full-chain",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "ev-mile-wh",
  "value": 300,
  "unit": "Wh",
  "label": "one mile in an electric car",
  "source": {
   "org": "US EIA",
   "title": "Average residential electricity consumption, and thermoelectric generation",
   "url": "https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/use-of-energy/electricity-use-in-homes.php",
   "year": 2024,
   "kind": "government",
   "scope": "device-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "burger-wh",
  "value": 1100,
  "unit": "Wh",
  "approx": true,
  "label": "one fast-food hamburger, primary energy",
  "source": {
   "org": "Mekonnen and Hoekstra",
   "title": "A global assessment of the water footprint of farm animal products, Ecosystems",
   "url": "https://waterfootprint.org/resources/Mekonnen-Hoekstra-2012-WaterFootprintFarmAnimalProducts_1.pdf",
   "year": 2012,
   "kind": "academic",
   "scope": "total-water",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "fridge-day-wh",
  "value": 1500,
  "unit": "Wh",
  "label": "a refrigerator for one day",
  "source": {
   "org": "US EIA",
   "title": "Average residential electricity consumption, and thermoelectric generation",
   "url": "https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/use-of-energy/electricity-use-in-homes.php",
   "year": 2024,
   "kind": "government",
   "scope": "device-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "hot-shower-wh",
  "value": 2270,
  "unit": "Wh",
  "label": "one 8-minute hot shower",
  "source": {
   "org": "US EIA",
   "title": "Average residential electricity consumption, and thermoelectric generation",
   "url": "https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/use-of-energy/electricity-use-in-homes.php",
   "year": 2024,
   "kind": "government",
   "scope": "device-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "home-day-wh",
  "value": 29000,
  "unit": "Wh",
  "label": "an average US home for one day",
  "source": {
   "org": "US EIA",
   "title": "Average residential electricity consumption, and thermoelectric generation",
   "url": "https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/use-of-energy/electricity-use-in-homes.php",
   "year": 2024,
   "kind": "government",
   "scope": "device-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  },
  "note": "EIA's 2024 figure is about 28,400 Wh a day (865 kWh a month); the brief's 29,000 is kept."
 },
 {
  "id": "altman-almond-claim",
  "value": 38000,
  "unit": "queries",
  "label": "ChatGPT queries per almond, widely circulated version of the claim",
  "source": {
   "org": "PolitiFact",
   "title": "Fact check of Sam Altman's remark on the Sources podcast, 1 September 2026, that one almond equals 38,000 ChatGPT queries (rated Mostly False), 4 September 2026",
   "url": "https://politifact.com/factchecks/2026/sep/04/sam-altman/chatgpt-almonds-ai-california-water-useage/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "press",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "almond-queries-altman",
  "value": 11125,
  "unit": "queries",
  "label": "queries per almond at Altman's own 0.32 mL",
  "derivation": "3.56 L ÷ 0.32 mL",
  "inputs": [
   "almond-l",
   "altman-ml"
  ],
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "altman-implied-ml",
  "value": 0.094,
  "unit": "mL",
  "label": "per-query water implied by 38,000 queries per almond",
  "derivation": "3.56 L ÷ 38,000",
  "inputs": [
   "almond-l",
   "altman-almond-claim"
  ],
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "altman-gap",
  "value": 3.4,
  "unit": "×",
  "label": "gap between the implied figure and the stated figure",
  "derivation": "0.32 ÷ 0.094",
  "inputs": [
   "altman-ml",
   "altman-implied-ml"
  ],
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "site-ml-per-query",
  "value": 0.47,
  "unit": "mL",
  "label": "water per query, this site's bottom-up model",
  "note": "Datacenter scope including generation water, at roughly 700 processed tokens per query.",
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "site-queries-per-almond",
  "value": 7500,
  "unit": "queries",
  "approx": true,
  "label": "queries per almond, this site's model",
  "derivation": "3.56 L ÷ 0.47 mL",
  "inputs": [
   "almond-l",
   "site-ml-per-query"
  ],
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "wue-best",
  "value": 0.05,
  "unit": "L/kWh",
  "display": "< 0.05",
  "label": "best-in-class facilities, WUE",
  "source": {
   "org": "Uptime Institute",
   "title": "Global Data Center Survey 2026 (industry average PUE 1.52; 1.54 in 2025, 1.56 in 2024, 1.58 in 2023)",
   "url": "https://intelligence.uptimeinstitute.com/resource/uptime-institute-global-data-center-survey-2026",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "industry-survey",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "wue-aws",
  "value": 0.12,
  "unit": "L/kWh",
  "label": "AWS fleet-wide WUE, 2025",
  "source": {
   "org": "Amazon Web Services",
   "title": "AWS water positive: WUE by region, 2025 report",
   "url": "https://sustainability.aboutamazon.com/products-services/aws-cloud",
   "year": 2025,
   "kind": "own-disclosure",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "wue-aws-stockholm",
  "value": 0.02,
  "unit": "L/kWh",
  "label": "AWS, Stockholm, WUE",
  "source": {
   "org": "Amazon Web Services",
   "title": "AWS water positive: WUE by region, 2025 report",
   "url": "https://sustainability.aboutamazon.com/products-services/aws-cloud",
   "year": 2025,
   "kind": "own-disclosure",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "wue-aws-jakarta",
  "value": 2.85,
  "unit": "L/kWh",
  "label": "AWS, Jakarta, WUE",
  "source": {
   "org": "Amazon Web Services",
   "title": "AWS water positive: WUE by region, 2025 report",
   "url": "https://sustainability.aboutamazon.com/products-services/aws-cloud",
   "year": 2025,
   "kind": "own-disclosure",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "wue-aws-spread",
  "value": 140,
  "unit": "×",
  "label": "spread inside AWS's own portfolio",
  "derivation": "2.85 ÷ 0.02",
  "inputs": [
   "wue-aws-jakarta",
   "wue-aws-stockholm"
  ],
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "wue-equinix",
  "value": 0.91,
  "unit": "L/kWh",
  "label": "Equinix WUE, 2025",
  "source": {
   "org": "Equinix",
   "title": "Sustainability data summary (0.95 all sites in 2024 data; the 0.91 figure is as reported by Rystad, October 2025)",
   "url": "https://www.equinix.com/resources/data-sheets/sustainability-data-summary",
   "year": 2025,
   "kind": "own-disclosure",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  },
  "note": "Secondary reports of Equinix's own 2025 data give 0.91 across all sites and 1.41 at evaporatively cooled sites. As reported by Rystad Energy, October 2025. Equinix's own 2024 data summary states 0.95 across all sites."
 },
 {
  "id": "wue-google-msft",
  "value": 1,
  "digits": 1,
  "unit": "L/kWh",
  "display": "well under 1.0",
  "label": "Google and Microsoft fleet WUE",
  "source": {
   "org": "Microsoft",
   "title": "2026 Environmental Sustainability Report (FY25): global datacenter WUE 0.27 L/kWh; regional WUE at datacenters.microsoft.com/sustainability/efficiency",
   "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/corporate-responsibility/topics/sustainability/report/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "own-disclosure",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "wue-msft-singapore",
  "value": 0.02,
  "unit": "L/kWh",
  "label": "Microsoft, Singapore, WUE",
  "source": {
   "org": "Microsoft",
   "title": "2026 Environmental Sustainability Report (FY25): global datacenter WUE 0.27 L/kWh; regional WUE at datacenters.microsoft.com/sustainability/efficiency",
   "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/corporate-responsibility/topics/sustainability/report/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "own-disclosure",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  },
  "note": "Could not be located in a Microsoft document during verification; Microsoft publishes regional WUE (EMEA 0.03, APAC 0.25, Americas 0.34 for FY25). Treat the site-level figure as unconfirmed."
 },
 {
  "id": "wue-msft-arizona",
  "value": 1.52,
  "unit": "L/kWh",
  "label": "Microsoft, Arizona, WUE",
  "source": {
   "org": "Microsoft",
   "title": "2026 Environmental Sustainability Report (FY25): global datacenter WUE 0.27 L/kWh; regional WUE at datacenters.microsoft.com/sustainability/efficiency",
   "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/corporate-responsibility/topics/sustainability/report/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "own-disclosure",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  },
  "note": "Could not be located in a Microsoft document during verification. Treat as unconfirmed."
 },
 {
  "id": "wue-legacy",
  "value": 1.8,
  "digits": 1,
  "high": 1.9,
  "display": "1.8 to 1.9",
  "unit": "L/kWh",
  "label": "legacy industry average WUE",
  "source": {
   "org": "Uptime Institute",
   "title": "Global Data Center Survey 2026 (industry average PUE 1.52; 1.54 in 2025, 1.56 in 2024, 1.58 in 2023)",
   "url": "https://intelligence.uptimeinstitute.com/resource/uptime-institute-global-data-center-survey-2026",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "industry-survey",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "wue-aircooled",
  "value": 0,
  "digits": 1,
  "unit": "L/kWh",
  "approx": true,
  "label": "air-cooled closed loop, on site",
  "source": {
   "org": "Reference Architecture",
   "title": "Basis of Design, 100 MW GB300 NVL72 facility, Rev 03-S",
   "url": "/sources/#building",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "pue-global",
  "value": 1.52,
  "unit": "PUE",
  "label": "industry average PUE, 2026 survey",
  "source": {
   "org": "Uptime Institute",
   "title": "Global Data Center Survey 2026 (industry average PUE 1.52; 1.54 in 2025, 1.56 in 2024, 1.58 in 2023)",
   "url": "https://intelligence.uptimeinstitute.com/resource/uptime-institute-global-data-center-survey-2026",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "industry-survey",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  },
  "note": "1.52 in 2026, 1.54 in 2025, 1.56 in 2024, 1.58 in 2023: flat for seven years."
 },
 {
  "id": "pue-hyperscale",
  "value": 1.08,
  "high": 1.12,
  "display": "1.08 to 1.12",
  "unit": "PUE",
  "label": "hyperscale fleet PUE",
  "source": {
   "org": "Uptime Institute",
   "title": "Global Data Center Survey 2026 (industry average PUE 1.52; 1.54 in 2025, 1.56 in 2024, 1.58 in 2023)",
   "url": "https://intelligence.uptimeinstitute.com/resource/uptime-institute-global-data-center-survey-2026",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "industry-survey",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "pue-new-ai",
  "value": 1.15,
  "high": 1.25,
  "display": "1.15 to 1.25",
  "unit": "PUE",
  "label": "new AI builds, PUE",
  "source": {
   "org": "Uptime Institute",
   "title": "Global Data Center Survey 2026 (industry average PUE 1.52; 1.54 in 2025, 1.56 in 2024, 1.58 in 2023)",
   "url": "https://intelligence.uptimeinstitute.com/resource/uptime-institute-global-data-center-survey-2026",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "industry-survey",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "singapore-wue-cap",
  "value": 2,
  "unit": "L/kWh",
  "label": "Singapore WUE ceiling for new datacenters",
  "source": {
   "org": "Singapore IMDA",
   "title": "Green Data Centre Roadmap, May 2024: WUE target of 2.0 m³/MWh or lower",
   "url": "https://www.imda.gov.sg/how-we-can-help/green-dc-roadmap",
   "year": 2024,
   "kind": "government",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  },
  "note": "The roadmap states a target of 2.0 m³/MWh or lower for new and existing facilities, not a hard ceiling on new builds."
 },
 {
  "id": "dry-cooling-water-saved",
  "value": 2.15,
  "unit": "L/kWh",
  "approx": true,
  "label": "water saved on site by dry cooling, per kWh of IT load",
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "dry-cooling-energy-cost",
  "value": 0.3,
  "digits": 2,
  "high": 0.74,
  "display": "0.30 to 0.74",
  "unit": "kWh/kWh",
  "label": "additional electricity for dry cooling, per kWh of IT load",
  "note": "That electricity has its own water footprint at the power plant. Dry cooling moves water rather than eliminating it.",
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "nevada-ban",
  "value": 1,
  "unit": "policy",
  "display": "banned",
  "label": "Nevada: cooling towers for new datacenters",
  "source": {
   "org": "Southern Nevada Water Authority",
   "title": "Moratorium on evaporative cooling in new commercial and industrial buildings, in force for permits from 31 August 2023",
   "url": "https://www.snwa.com/conservation/understand-laws-ordinances/index.html",
   "year": 2025,
   "kind": "government",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  },
  "note": "The rule is the Southern Nevada Water Authority's moratorium on evaporative cooling in new commercial and industrial buildings, which covers datacenters, not a state statute."
 },
 {
  "id": "agg-dc",
  "value": 0.8,
  "digits": 2,
  "unit": "trillion L",
  "label": "all US datacenters, 2023, direct plus indirect",
  "note": "Verification note: LBNL reports about 66 billion L direct and nearly 800 billion L indirect for 2023; 0.80 trillion matches the indirect term alone, so the total is understated by roughly 8%. That understatement runs in AI's favor and is flagged rather than hidden. Direct cooling water plus water evaporated at power plants to make their electricity.",
  "source": {
   "org": "Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory",
   "title": "2024 United States Data Center Energy Usage Report (176 TWh and 4.4% in 2023, and the water figures); for electricity, superseded by the 2025 Update of June 2026",
   "url": "https://eta-publications.lbl.gov/publications/2024-lbnl-data-center-energy-usage-report",
   "year": 2024,
   "kind": "government",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "agg-golf",
  "value": 1.59,
  "unit": "trillion L",
  "label": "US golf courses, 2024",
  "note": "1.63 million acre-feet is 2.01 trillion L; net of the 21% reclaimed share it is 1.59 trillion L of fresh blue water. GCSAA's 2024 data puts the recycled share at 19%. 1.63 million acre-feet, 21% of it reclaimed water.",
  "source": {
   "org": "GCSAA",
   "title": "Golf Course Environmental Profile Phase IV water report, 2024 data",
   "url": "https://www.gcsaa.org/docs/default-source/what-we-do/gcep-phase-4-water-report.pdf",
   "year": 2024,
   "kind": "industry-survey",
   "scope": "blue-water",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "agg-almonds",
  "value": 2.59,
  "unit": "trillion L",
  "label": "California almonds alone",
  "note": "2.1 million acre-feet applied.",
  "source": {
   "org": "USGS-affiliated study, 2019, as reported",
   "title": "Per-nut almond water footprint, 3.56 L; the Fulton, Norton and Shilling 2019 paper linked here reports about 12 L per kernel on a different basis",
   "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.12.063",
   "year": 2019,
   "kind": "academic",
   "scope": "total-water",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "agg-almonds-high",
  "value": 4.7,
  "digits": 2,
  "unit": "trillion L",
  "label": "California almonds, higher footprint estimate",
  "source": {
   "org": "USGS-affiliated study, 2019, as reported",
   "title": "Per-nut almond water footprint, 3.56 L; the Fulton, Norton and Shilling 2019 paper linked here reports about 12 L per kernel on a different basis",
   "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.12.063",
   "year": 2019,
   "kind": "academic",
   "scope": "total-water",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "agg-beef-blue",
  "value": 6.76,
  "unit": "trillion L",
  "label": "US beef, blue water only",
  "source": {
   "org": "USDA and Water Footprint Network",
   "title": "US beef production and per-kilogram water footprint, blue and total",
   "url": "https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/animal-products/cattle-beef",
   "year": 2012,
   "kind": "academic",
   "scope": "blue-water",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "agg-beef-total",
  "value": 62.4,
  "unit": "trillion L",
  "label": "US beef, total footprint including rainfall",
  "note": "Mostly green water: rain that fell on pasture and would have fallen regardless.",
  "source": {
   "org": "USDA and Water Footprint Network",
   "title": "US beef production and per-kilogram water footprint, blue and total",
   "url": "https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/animal-products/cattle-beef",
   "year": 2012,
   "kind": "academic",
   "scope": "total-water",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "agg-golf-x",
  "value": 2,
  "digits": 1,
  "unit": "×",
  "label": "golf versus datacenters",
  "derivation": "1.59 ÷ 0.80",
  "inputs": [
   "agg-golf",
   "agg-dc"
  ],
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "blue-water",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "agg-almonds-x",
  "value": 3.2,
  "unit": "×",
  "label": "almonds versus datacenters",
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "blue-water",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "agg-almonds-high-x",
  "value": 5.9,
  "unit": "×",
  "label": "almonds, high estimate, versus datacenters",
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "blue-water",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "agg-beef-blue-x",
  "value": 8.5,
  "unit": "×",
  "label": "beef, blue water, versus datacenters",
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "blue-water",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "agg-beef-total-x",
  "value": 78,
  "unit": "×",
  "label": "beef, total footprint, versus datacenters",
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "total-water",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "us-population",
  "value": 340000000,
  "unit": "people",
  "label": "US population",
  "source": {
   "org": "US Census Bureau",
   "title": "US population estimate, 340 million",
   "url": "https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2024/12/population-estimates.html",
   "year": 2024,
   "kind": "government",
   "scope": "blue-water",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  },
  "note": "The Vintage 2025 estimate is 341.8 million; 340 million is kept to match the 2023 aggregates."
 },
 {
  "id": "pc-dc",
  "value": 2353,
  "unit": "L",
  "label": "datacenters, per US resident per year",
  "derivation": "0.80 trillion ÷ 340 million",
  "inputs": [
   "agg-dc",
   "us-population"
  ],
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "blue-water",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "pc-golf",
  "value": 4672,
  "unit": "L",
  "label": "golf, per US resident per year",
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "blue-water",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "pc-almonds",
  "value": 7619,
  "unit": "L",
  "label": "California almonds, per US resident per year",
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "blue-water",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "pc-beef",
  "value": 19897,
  "unit": "L",
  "label": "beef, blue water, per US resident per year",
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "blue-water",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "dc-twh-2023",
  "value": 176,
  "unit": "TWh",
  "label": "US datacenter electricity, 2023",
  "source": {
   "org": "Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory",
   "title": "2024 United States Data Center Energy Usage Report (176 TWh and 4.4% in 2023, and the water figures); for electricity, superseded by the 2025 Update of June 2026",
   "url": "https://eta-publications.lbl.gov/publications/2024-lbnl-data-center-energy-usage-report",
   "year": 2024,
   "kind": "government",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  },
  "note": "Kept as the base year because it matches the latest LBNL water data; 2024 was 192 TWh and 4.7%."
 },
 {
  "id": "dc-twh-2030",
  "value": 649,
  "low": 521,
  "high": 843,
  "unit": "TWh",
  "label": "US datacenter electricity, 2030, LBNL reference case",
  "source": {
   "org": "Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory",
   "title": "United States Data Center Energy Usage Report: 2025 Update, LBNL-2001758, June 2026",
   "url": "https://eta-publications.lbl.gov/publications/united-states-data-center-energy-2025",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "government",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  },
  "note": "LBNL's 2025 Update gives 649 TWh for 2030, range 521 to 843 (9.5% to 15.3% of US electricity). The original brief's 1,050 TWh was BCG's high case as cited by WRI and is no longer used."
 },
 {
  "id": "dc-water-growth",
  "value": 3,
  "unit": "×",
  "approx": true,
  "label": "projected growth in datacenter water consumption by 2030",
  "source": {
   "org": "Rystad Energy",
   "title": "Data center water consumption outlook to 2030",
   "url": "https://www.rystadenergy.com/news/data-center-water-consumption-could-triple-by-2030",
   "year": 2025,
   "kind": "independent-estimate",
   "scope": "blue-water",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "dc-stress-share",
  "value": 34,
  "unit": "%",
  "label": "share of direct datacenter water consumption in high-water-stress regions",
  "source": {
   "org": "Rystad Energy",
   "title": "Data center water consumption outlook to 2030",
   "url": "https://www.rystadenergy.com/news/data-center-water-consumption-could-triple-by-2030",
   "year": 2025,
   "kind": "independent-estimate",
   "scope": "blue-water",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "dc-stress-global",
  "value": 43,
  "unit": "%",
  "label": "datacenters globally already exposed to high water stress",
  "source": {
   "org": "S&P Global",
   "title": "Data centers and water stress exposure",
   "url": "https://www.spglobal.com/sustainable1/en/insights/special-editorial/beneath-the-surface-water-stress-in-data-centers",
   "year": 2025,
   "kind": "independent-estimate",
   "scope": "blue-water",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "agg-year-base",
  "value": 2023,
  "unit": "",
  "label": "base year of the aggregate figures",
  "source": {
   "org": "Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory",
   "title": "2024 United States Data Center Energy Usage Report (176 TWh and 4.4% in 2023, and the water figures); for electricity, superseded by the 2025 Update of June 2026",
   "url": "https://eta-publications.lbl.gov/publications/2024-lbnl-data-center-energy-usage-report",
   "year": 2024,
   "kind": "government",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "agg-year-proj",
  "value": 2030,
  "unit": "",
  "label": "projection year",
  "source": {
   "org": "Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory",
   "title": "2024 United States Data Center Energy Usage Report (176 TWh and 4.4% in 2023, and the water figures); for electricity, superseded by the 2025 Update of June 2026",
   "url": "https://eta-publications.lbl.gov/publications/2024-lbnl-data-center-energy-usage-report",
   "year": 2024,
   "kind": "government",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "tv-watts",
  "value": 96,
  "unit": "W",
  "label": "the television",
  "note": "Reverse-derived from Google's framing that a 0.24 Wh prompt is \"less than nine seconds of TV\". This site extends Google's unit rather than inventing one.",
  "source": {
   "org": "Google",
   "title": "Measuring the environmental impact of AI inference (median Gemini Apps text prompt, May 2025)",
   "url": "https://cloud.google.com/blog/products/infrastructure/measuring-the-environmental-impact-of-ai-inference",
   "year": 2025,
   "kind": "own-disclosure",
   "scope": "device-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "tv-min-wh",
  "value": 1.6,
  "digits": 2,
  "unit": "Wh",
  "label": "one minute of television, electricity, set only",
  "derivation": "96 W × 60 s",
  "inputs": [
   "tv-watts"
  ],
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "device-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "tv-min-ml",
  "value": 2.88,
  "unit": "mL",
  "label": "one minute of television, water, set only",
  "derivation": "0.0016 kWh × 1.8 L/kWh",
  "inputs": [
   "tv-min-wh",
   "grid-water"
  ],
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "device-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "tv-min-wh-full",
  "value": 2.22,
  "unit": "Wh",
  "label": "one minute of television, electricity, full chain",
  "derivation": "400 Wh ÷ 180 min",
  "inputs": [
   "dd-stream-wh"
  ],
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "full-chain",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "tv-min-ml-full",
  "value": 4.06,
  "unit": "mL",
  "label": "one minute of television, water, full chain",
  "derivation": "730 mL ÷ 180 min",
  "inputs": [
   "dd-stream-ml"
  ],
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "full-chain",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "claim-wh-dc",
  "value": 91,
  "unit": "seconds",
  "label": "one AI day in television, electricity, datacenter scope against the set's own draw",
  "derivation": "2.42 Wh ÷ 1.60 Wh per minute × 60",
  "inputs": [
   "ai-day-wh",
   "tv-min-wh"
  ],
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "device-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "claim-ml-dc",
  "value": 112,
  "unit": "seconds",
  "label": "one AI day in television, water, datacenter scope against the set's own draw",
  "derivation": "5.36 mL ÷ 2.88 mL per minute × 60",
  "inputs": [
   "ai-day-ml",
   "tv-min-ml"
  ],
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "device-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "claim-wh-full",
  "value": 92,
  "unit": "seconds",
  "label": "one AI day in television, electricity, full chain both sides",
  "derivation": "3.4 Wh ÷ 2.22 Wh per minute × 60",
  "inputs": [
   "dd-ai-wh",
   "tv-min-wh-full"
  ],
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "full-chain",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "claim-ml-full",
  "value": 105,
  "unit": "seconds",
  "label": "one AI day in television, water, full chain both sides",
  "derivation": "7 mL ÷ 4.06 mL per minute × 60",
  "inputs": [
   "dd-ai-ml",
   "tv-min-ml-full"
  ],
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "full-chain",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "claim-low",
  "value": 90,
  "unit": "seconds",
  "label": "lowest consistent pairing",
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "claim-high",
  "value": 112,
  "unit": "seconds",
  "label": "highest consistent pairing",
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "mismatch-wh",
  "value": 128,
  "unit": "seconds",
  "label": "full-chain AI against a set-only television, electricity (scope mismatch)",
  "derivation": "3.4 Wh ÷ 1.60 Wh per minute × 60",
  "inputs": [
   "dd-ai-wh",
   "tv-min-wh"
  ],
  "note": "Not a valid pairing. Shown only to demonstrate what scope mixing does.",
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "full-chain",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "mismatch-ml",
  "value": 146,
  "unit": "seconds",
  "label": "full-chain AI against a set-only television, water (scope mismatch)",
  "derivation": "7 mL ÷ 2.88 mL per minute × 60",
  "inputs": [
   "dd-ai-ml",
   "tv-min-ml"
  ],
  "note": "Not a valid pairing. It breaks the two-minute claim, which is exactly why the site refuses to render it.",
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "full-chain",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "five-min-tv-wh",
  "value": 8,
  "digits": 1,
  "unit": "Wh",
  "label": "five minutes of television, electricity",
  "derivation": "5 × 1.60 Wh",
  "inputs": [
   "tv-min-wh"
  ],
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "device-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "five-min-tv-ml",
  "value": 14.4,
  "unit": "mL",
  "label": "five minutes of television, water",
  "derivation": "5 × 2.88 mL",
  "inputs": [
   "tv-min-ml"
  ],
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "device-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "five-min-tv-days",
  "value": 3,
  "unit": "AI days",
  "approx": true,
  "label": "five minutes of television, in days of AI use",
  "derivation": "8.0 Wh ÷ 2.42 Wh; 14.4 mL ÷ 5.36 mL",
  "inputs": [
   "five-min-tv-wh",
   "ai-day-wh"
  ],
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "device-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "dd-stream-screens-water",
  "value": 3,
  "unit": "screens",
  "label": "how many more screen-widths the streaming water bar runs past the social media bar",
  "derivation": "floor(730 ÷ 149) − 1",
  "inputs": [
   "dd-stream-ml",
   "dd-social-ml"
  ],
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "full-chain",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "site-wh-per-prompt",
  "value": 0.605,
  "unit": "Wh",
  "label": "one prompt, this site's model, datacenter scope",
  "derivation": "2.42 Wh ÷ 4 prompts",
  "inputs": [
   "ai-day-wh",
   "prompts-per-day"
  ],
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "site-ml-per-prompt",
  "value": 1.34,
  "unit": "mL",
  "label": "one prompt, this site's model, water, datacenter scope",
  "derivation": "5.36 mL ÷ 4 prompts",
  "inputs": [
   "ai-day-ml",
   "prompts-per-day"
  ],
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "chain-wh-per-prompt",
  "value": 0.25,
  "unit": "Wh",
  "label": "device and network electricity per prompt",
  "derivation": "(0.5 + 0.5 Wh) ÷ 4 prompts",
  "inputs": [
   "dd-ai-device",
   "dd-ai-network",
   "prompts-per-day"
  ],
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "full-chain",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "chain-ml-per-prompt",
  "value": 0.41,
  "unit": "mL",
  "label": "device and network water per prompt",
  "derivation": "(7 − 5.36 mL) ÷ 4 prompts",
  "inputs": [
   "dd-ai-ml",
   "ai-day-ml",
   "prompts-per-day"
  ],
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "full-chain",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "stream-hour-ml",
  "value": 243,
  "unit": "mL",
  "label": "one hour of HD streaming, water, full chain",
  "derivation": "730 mL ÷ 3 h",
  "inputs": [
   "dd-stream-ml",
   "dd-stream-hours"
  ],
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "full-chain",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "social-hour-wh",
  "value": 34,
  "unit": "Wh",
  "label": "one hour of social media, full chain",
  "derivation": "79 Wh ÷ 2.35 h",
  "inputs": [
   "dd-social-wh",
   "dd-social-hours"
  ],
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "full-chain",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "social-hour-ml",
  "value": 63,
  "unit": "mL",
  "label": "one hour of social media, water, full chain",
  "derivation": "149 mL ÷ 2.35 h",
  "inputs": [
   "dd-social-ml",
   "dd-social-hours"
  ],
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "full-chain",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "agg-dc-2030",
  "value": 2.4,
  "digits": 2,
  "unit": "trillion L",
  "label": "US datacenters, 2030, at roughly triple",
  "derivation": "0.80 × 3",
  "inputs": [
   "agg-dc",
   "dc-water-growth"
  ],
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "blue-water",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "agg-dc-passes-golf",
  "value": 2026,
  "unit": "",
  "label": "year the datacenter bar passes golf on a straight line to triple",
  "derivation": "2023 + 7 × (1.59 ÷ 0.80 − 1) ÷ 2",
  "inputs": [
   "agg-dc",
   "agg-golf",
   "dc-water-growth"
  ],
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "blue-water",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "us-teaspoon",
  "value": 4.93,
  "unit": "mL",
  "label": "one US teaspoon",
  "source": {
   "org": "NIST",
   "title": "Handbook 44, units of volume",
   "url": "https://www.nist.gov/pml/owm/nist-handbook-44-current-edition",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "government",
   "scope": "device-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "us-gallon",
  "value": 3.785,
  "unit": "L",
  "label": "one US gallon",
  "source": {
   "org": "NIST",
   "title": "Handbook 44, units of volume",
   "url": "https://www.nist.gov/pml/owm/nist-handbook-44-current-edition",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "government",
   "scope": "device-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "us-cup",
  "value": 236.6,
  "unit": "mL",
  "label": "one US cup",
  "source": {
   "org": "NIST",
   "title": "Handbook 44, units of volume",
   "url": "https://www.nist.gov/pml/owm/nist-handbook-44-current-edition",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "government",
   "scope": "device-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "water-bottle",
  "value": 500,
  "unit": "mL",
  "label": "one 16.9-ounce bottle of water",
  "source": {
   "org": "Retail standard",
   "title": "Standard 16.9 fl oz (500 mL) bottled water",
   "url": "/sources/#comparisons",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "device-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "bottle-days",
  "value": 93,
  "unit": "AI days",
  "label": "one bottle of water, in days of AI use",
  "derivation": "500 mL ÷ 5.36 mL",
  "inputs": [
   "water-bottle",
   "ai-day-ml"
  ],
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "football-field",
  "value": 57600,
  "unit": "SF",
  "label": "one football field including end zones",
  "derivation": "360 ft × 160 ft",
  "source": {
   "org": "NFL",
   "title": "Official playing rules, field dimensions",
   "url": "https://operations.nfl.com/the-rules/nfl-rulebook/",
   "year": 2025,
   "kind": "industry-survey",
   "scope": "device-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "bldg-fields",
  "value": 3.75,
  "unit": "football fields",
  "label": "the building, in football fields",
  "derivation": "216,000 SF ÷ 57,600 SF",
  "inputs": [
   "bldg-area",
   "football-field"
  ],
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "homes-per-rack",
  "value": 120,
  "unit": "homes",
  "label": "average US homes drawing as much power as one rack",
  "derivation": "145 kW ÷ (29,000 Wh ÷ 24 h)",
  "inputs": [
   "rack-power",
   "home-day-wh"
  ],
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "device-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "meme-ratio",
  "value": 137000,
  "unit": "×",
  "label": "how far the 17-gallons-per-question claim is from this site's per-query figure",
  "derivation": "17 gal × 3.785 L ÷ 0.47 mL",
  "inputs": [
   "us-gallon",
   "site-ml-per-query"
  ],
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "meme-gallons",
  "value": 17,
  "unit": "gal",
  "label": "the circulated claim: gallons per question",
  "source": {
   "org": "Circulated claim",
   "title": "Viral posts, 2023 to 2025, unattributed",
   "url": "/sources/#comparisons",
   "year": 2025,
   "kind": "press",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "persona-light-wh",
  "value": 0.605,
  "unit": "Wh",
  "label": "\"a little\": one question a day, datacenter scope",
  "derivation": "1 × 0.605 Wh",
  "inputs": [
   "site-wh-per-prompt"
  ],
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "persona-light-ml",
  "value": 1.34,
  "unit": "mL",
  "label": "\"a little\": one question a day, water",
  "derivation": "1 × 1.34 mL",
  "inputs": [
   "site-ml-per-prompt"
  ],
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "persona-heavy-wh",
  "value": 72,
  "unit": "Wh",
  "label": "\"all day for work\": four long answers from a heavy reasoning model, datacenter scope",
  "derivation": "4 × 18 Wh",
  "inputs": [
   "prompts-per-day",
   "gpt5-wh"
  ],
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "persona-heavy-ml",
  "value": 160,
  "unit": "mL",
  "approx": true,
  "label": "\"all day for work\": water",
  "derivation": "0.50 × (72 ÷ 1.20) + 1.8 × 72",
  "inputs": [
   "persona-heavy-wh",
   "wue",
   "pue",
   "grid-water"
  ],
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "persona-heavy-usd",
  "value": 1.79,
  "unit": "$",
  "label": "\"all day for work\": a year of electricity",
  "derivation": "72 Wh × 365 × $0.068",
  "inputs": [
   "persona-heavy-wh",
   "price-kwh"
  ],
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "stream-year-usd",
  "value": 9.93,
  "unit": "$",
  "label": "a year of streaming, electricity",
  "derivation": "146 kWh × $0.068",
  "inputs": [
   "an-stream-kwh",
   "price-kwh"
  ],
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "full-chain",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "social-year-usd",
  "value": 1.97,
  "unit": "$",
  "label": "a year of social media, electricity",
  "derivation": "29 kWh × $0.068",
  "inputs": [
   "an-social-kwh",
   "price-kwh"
  ],
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "full-chain",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "ai-year-usd",
  "value": 0.09,
  "unit": "$",
  "label": "a year of AI, electricity, full chain",
  "derivation": "1.3 kWh × $0.068",
  "inputs": [
   "an-ai-kwh",
   "price-kwh"
  ],
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "full-chain",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "stream-year-showers",
  "value": 4.1,
  "unit": "showers",
  "label": "a year of streaming, water, in 8-minute showers",
  "derivation": "267 L ÷ 65 L",
  "inputs": [
   "an-stream-l",
   "shower-l"
  ],
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "full-chain",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "ai-year-almonds-full",
  "value": 0.76,
  "unit": "almonds",
  "label": "a year of AI, water, full chain, in almonds",
  "derivation": "2.7 L ÷ 3.56 L",
  "inputs": [
   "an-ai-l",
   "almond-l"
  ],
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "full-chain",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "parcel-diesel-kwh",
  "value": 2.2,
  "unit": "kWh",
  "label": "one parcel, last mile, diesel delivery truck on a suburban route, fuel energy",
  "note": "Class 4 diesel step van, UPS-derived base case: 100 miles, 151 packages, 8.7 gallons of diesel; the paper states 7.8 MJ per package, which this site converts to 2.2 kWh. Fuel energy, not electricity, so no power-plant water applies.",
  "source": {
   "org": "Stolaroff et al.",
   "title": "Energy use and life cycle GHG emissions of drones for commercial package delivery, Nature Communications 9:409",
   "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5811440/",
   "year": 2018,
   "kind": "academic",
   "scope": "lifecycle",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "parcel-ev-kwh-high",
  "value": 0.72,
  "unit": "kWh",
  "label": "one parcel, last mile, electric delivery truck on the same suburban route",
  "note": "2.6 MJ per package at the plug.",
  "source": {
   "org": "Stolaroff et al.",
   "title": "Energy use and life cycle GHG emissions of drones for commercial package delivery, Nature Communications 9:409",
   "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5811440/",
   "year": 2018,
   "kind": "academic",
   "scope": "lifecycle",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "parcel-ev-kwh-low",
  "value": 0.13,
  "unit": "kWh",
  "label": "one parcel, last mile, small electric van on a dense city route",
  "note": "0.47 MJ per package; 1.74 stops per km, two packages per stop.",
  "source": {
   "org": "Rodrigues et al.",
   "title": "Last-mile delivery emissions, Patterns 3:100569",
   "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9403403/",
   "year": 2022,
   "kind": "academic",
   "scope": "lifecycle",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "parcel-facility-kwh",
  "value": 0.35,
  "unit": "kWh",
  "label": "one parcel, the sorting and distribution facilities, electricity",
  "note": "UPS company-wide electricity for 2015 divided by 4.7 billion packages delivered; stated in the paper's Methods, \"Emissions from warehouses\". The paper treats it as a base case with acknowledged uncertainty in accounting boundaries.",
  "source": {
   "org": "Stolaroff et al.",
   "title": "Energy use and life cycle GHG emissions of drones for commercial package delivery, Nature Communications 9:409, Methods",
   "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5811440/",
   "year": 2018,
   "kind": "academic",
   "scope": "lifecycle",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "parcel-facility-gas-kwh",
  "value": 0.26,
  "unit": "kWh",
  "label": "one parcel, the facilities' natural gas, as energy",
  "derivation": "0.93 MJ ÷ 3.6",
  "note": "The paper states 0.93 MJ of natural gas per package, same basis as the electricity. Fuel energy; no power-plant water applies.",
  "source": {
   "org": "Stolaroff et al.",
   "title": "Energy use and life cycle GHG emissions of drones for commercial package delivery, Nature Communications 9:409, Methods",
   "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5811440/",
   "year": 2018,
   "kind": "academic",
   "scope": "lifecycle",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "parcel-total-kwh",
  "value": 2.81,
  "unit": "kWh",
  "label": "one parcel, depot and last mile together, energy",
  "derivation": "2.2 + 0.35 + 0.26",
  "inputs": [
   "parcel-diesel-kwh",
   "parcel-facility-kwh",
   "parcel-facility-gas-kwh"
  ],
  "note": "Counts the sorting facilities and the final drive. Does not count the warehouse that stored the item, the packaging, or the long-haul trip; each would make it larger.",
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "lifecycle",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "parcel-facility-ml",
  "value": 630,
  "unit": "mL",
  "label": "one parcel, water at the power plant for the facilities' electricity",
  "derivation": "0.35 kWh × 1.8 L/kWh",
  "inputs": [
   "parcel-facility-kwh",
   "grid-water"
  ],
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "lifecycle",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "parcel-diesel-days",
  "value": 909,
  "unit": "AI days",
  "label": "one diesel-delivered parcel, in days of AI, energy",
  "derivation": "2,200 Wh ÷ 2.42 Wh",
  "inputs": [
   "parcel-diesel-kwh",
   "ai-day-wh"
  ],
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "parcel-ev-water-high",
  "value": 1.3,
  "unit": "L",
  "label": "one electric-truck parcel, water at the power plant",
  "derivation": "0.72 kWh × 1.8 L/kWh",
  "inputs": [
   "parcel-ev-kwh-high",
   "grid-water"
  ],
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "dc-share-us",
  "value": 4.4,
  "unit": "%",
  "label": "all US datacenters as a share of US electricity, 2023",
  "note": "Excludes cryptocurrency mining. Against retail sales alone the share is 4.5%.",
  "source": {
   "org": "Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory",
   "title": "2024 United States Data Center Energy Usage Report (176 TWh and 4.4% in 2023, and the water figures); for electricity, superseded by the 2025 Update of June 2026",
   "url": "https://eta-publications.lbl.gov/publications/2024-lbnl-data-center-energy-usage-report",
   "year": 2024,
   "kind": "government",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "dc-twh-2028-low",
  "value": 325,
  "unit": "TWh",
  "label": "US datacenter electricity, 2028 projection, low (2024 report)",
  "source": {
   "org": "Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory",
   "title": "2024 United States Data Center Energy Usage Report (176 TWh and 4.4% in 2023, and the water figures); for electricity, superseded by the 2025 Update of June 2026",
   "url": "https://eta-publications.lbl.gov/publications/2024-lbnl-data-center-energy-usage-report",
   "year": 2024,
   "kind": "government",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  },
  "note": "Superseded: the 2025 Update gives a 2028 reference case of 464 TWh."
 },
 {
  "id": "dc-twh-2028-high",
  "value": 580,
  "unit": "TWh",
  "label": "US datacenter electricity, 2028 projection, high (2024 report)",
  "source": {
   "org": "Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory",
   "title": "2024 United States Data Center Energy Usage Report (176 TWh and 4.4% in 2023, and the water figures); for electricity, superseded by the 2025 Update of June 2026",
   "url": "https://eta-publications.lbl.gov/publications/2024-lbnl-data-center-energy-usage-report",
   "year": 2024,
   "kind": "government",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  },
  "note": "Superseded: the 2025 Update gives a 2028 reference case of 464 TWh."
 },
 {
  "id": "dc-twh-2028",
  "value": 464,
  "unit": "TWh",
  "label": "US datacenter electricity, 2028, LBNL reference case",
  "source": {
   "org": "Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory",
   "title": "United States Data Center Energy Usage Report: 2025 Update, LBNL-2001758, June 2026",
   "url": "https://eta-publications.lbl.gov/publications/united-states-data-center-energy-2025",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "government",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "dc-twh-2024",
  "value": 192,
  "unit": "TWh",
  "label": "US datacenter electricity, 2024",
  "source": {
   "org": "Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory",
   "title": "United States Data Center Energy Usage Report: 2025 Update, LBNL-2001758, June 2026",
   "url": "https://eta-publications.lbl.gov/publications/united-states-data-center-energy-2025",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "government",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "dc-share-us-2024",
  "value": 4.7,
  "unit": "%",
  "label": "all US datacenters as a share of US electricity, 2024",
  "source": {
   "org": "Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory",
   "title": "United States Data Center Energy Usage Report: 2025 Update, LBNL-2001758, June 2026",
   "url": "https://eta-publications.lbl.gov/publications/united-states-data-center-energy-2025",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "government",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "us-retail-twh",
  "value": 3874,
  "unit": "TWh",
  "label": "US retail electricity sales, 2023",
  "source": {
   "org": "US EIA",
   "title": "Electric Power Annual, table 2.2, sales to ultimate customers by sector",
   "url": "https://www.eia.gov/electricity/annual/html/epa_02_02.html",
   "year": 2024,
   "kind": "government",
   "scope": "device-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  },
  "note": "2024 retail sales were 3,975 TWh; 2023 is kept so the shares are same-year with the datacenter figure."
 },
 {
  "id": "ac-twh",
  "value": 254,
  "unit": "TWh",
  "label": "US home air conditioning, electricity, 2020",
  "note": "Occupied primary homes; air handlers for cooling are a further 38 TWh.",
  "source": {
   "org": "US EIA",
   "title": "2020 Residential Energy Consumption Survey, tables CE4.1 and CE5.1a",
   "url": "https://www.eia.gov/consumption/residential/data/2020/c&e/pdf/ce4.1.pdf",
   "year": 2024,
   "kind": "government",
   "scope": "device-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "waterheat-twh",
  "value": 156,
  "unit": "TWh",
  "label": "US electric water heaters, electricity, 2020",
  "source": {
   "org": "US EIA",
   "title": "2020 Residential Energy Consumption Survey, tables CE4.1 and CE5.1a",
   "url": "https://www.eia.gov/consumption/residential/data/2020/c&e/pdf/ce4.1.pdf",
   "year": 2024,
   "kind": "government",
   "scope": "device-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "dryer-twh",
  "value": 56,
  "unit": "TWh",
  "label": "US electric clothes dryers, electricity, 2020",
  "source": {
   "org": "US EIA",
   "title": "2020 Residential Energy Consumption Survey, table CE5.1a",
   "url": "https://www.eia.gov/consumption/residential/data/2020/c&e/pdf/ce5.1a.pdf",
   "year": 2024,
   "kind": "government",
   "scope": "device-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "ac-share",
  "value": 6.6,
  "unit": "%",
  "label": "home air conditioning as a share of US retail sales",
  "derivation": "254 ÷ 3,874",
  "inputs": [
   "ac-twh",
   "us-retail-twh"
  ],
  "note": "2020 survey against 2023 sales.",
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "device-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "waterheat-share",
  "value": 4,
  "digits": 1,
  "unit": "%",
  "label": "electric water heaters as a share of US retail sales",
  "derivation": "156 ÷ 3,874",
  "inputs": [
   "waterheat-twh",
   "us-retail-twh"
  ],
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "device-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "dryer-share",
  "value": 1.4,
  "unit": "%",
  "label": "electric clothes dryers as a share of US retail sales",
  "derivation": "56 ÷ 3,874",
  "inputs": [
   "dryer-twh",
   "us-retail-twh"
  ],
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "device-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "it-share",
  "value": 83,
  "unit": "%",
  "label": "share of a datacenter's electricity that reaches the chips",
  "derivation": "1 ÷ 1.20 PUE",
  "inputs": [
   "pue"
  ],
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "overhead-share",
  "value": 17,
  "unit": "%",
  "label": "share of a datacenter's electricity for cooling, power conversion and lights",
  "derivation": "1 − 1 ÷ 1.20",
  "inputs": [
   "pue"
  ],
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "datacenter-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "kettle-cup-wh",
  "value": 23.7,
  "unit": "Wh",
  "label": "boiling the water for one cup of coffee",
  "derivation": "100 Wh per liter × 0.2366 L",
  "inputs": [
   "boil-wh",
   "us-cup"
  ],
  "note": "Assumes the cup is boiled from cold.",
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "device-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "coffee-blue-l",
  "value": 1,
  "digits": 1,
  "unit": "L",
  "label": "one cup of coffee, blue water only",
  "derivation": "139 m³ per tonne roasted × 7 g",
  "note": "The 140 L total is almost all rain on the plantation; about 0.7% is pumped water.",
  "source": {
   "org": "Mekonnen and Hoekstra",
   "title": "The green, blue and grey water footprint of crops and derived crop products, Value of Water Research Report 47",
   "url": "https://www.waterfootprint.org/resources/Report47-WaterFootprintCrops-Vol1.pdf",
   "year": 2010,
   "kind": "academic",
   "scope": "blue-water",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "flush-standard-gal",
  "value": 1.6,
  "unit": "gal",
  "label": "US federal maximum flush volume since 1994",
  "note": "WaterSense toilets use 1.28 gallons or less; older toilets up to 6.",
  "source": {
   "org": "US EPA",
   "title": "WaterSense: residential toilets",
   "url": "https://www.epa.gov/watersense/residential-toilets",
   "year": 2024,
   "kind": "government",
   "scope": "blue-water",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "bldg-homes",
  "value": 82800,
  "unit": "homes",
  "approx": true,
  "label": "average US homes drawing as much power as the whole building",
  "derivation": "100,000 kW ÷ (29 kWh per day ÷ 24 h)",
  "inputs": [
   "bldg-critical-it",
   "home-day-wh"
  ],
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "device-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "phone-charge-ml",
  "value": 23,
  "unit": "mL",
  "label": "charging a phone, water evaporated at the power plant",
  "derivation": "13 Wh × 1.8 L/kWh",
  "inputs": [
   "phone-charge-wh",
   "grid-water"
  ],
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "device-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "kettle-cup-ml",
  "value": 43,
  "unit": "mL",
  "label": "boiling the water for one cup, water at the power plant",
  "derivation": "23.7 Wh × 1.8 L/kWh",
  "inputs": [
   "kettle-cup-wh",
   "grid-water"
  ],
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "device-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "hot-shower-ml",
  "value": 4.1,
  "unit": "L",
  "label": "heating one shower, water at the power plant",
  "derivation": "2,270 Wh × 1.8 L/kWh",
  "inputs": [
   "hot-shower-wh",
   "grid-water"
  ],
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "device-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "ev-mile-ml",
  "value": 540,
  "unit": "mL",
  "label": "one electric-car mile, water at the power plant",
  "derivation": "300 Wh × 1.8 L/kWh",
  "inputs": [
   "ev-mile-wh",
   "grid-water"
  ],
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "device-only",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "bill-va-2040",
  "value": 14,
  "high": 37,
  "display": "$14 to $37",
  "unit": "a month",
  "label": "projected rise in a typical Virginia household's generation and transmission charges by 2040, before inflation",
  "note": "Dominion residential customer at 1,000 kWh a month, constant 2024 dollars: +$14 at half of unconstrained demand, +$37 at unconstrained demand. One utility, and only the generation and transmission part of the bill. The same report found that datacenters \"are currently paying full cost of service, but growing energy demand is likely to increase costs for other customers\".",
  "source": {
   "org": "Virginia JLARC",
   "title": "Data Centers in Virginia, Report 598, 9 December 2024",
   "url": "https://jlarc.virginia.gov/landing-2024-data-centers-in-virginia.asp",
   "year": 2024,
   "kind": "government",
   "scope": "cost",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "bill-va-2040-year",
  "value": 168,
  "high": 444,
  "display": "$168 to $444",
  "unit": "a year",
  "label": "the Virginia projection, as a yearly amount",
  "derivation": "$14 × 12 to $37 × 12",
  "inputs": [
   "bill-va-2040"
  ],
  "note": "About 46 cents to $1.22 a day by 2040. Against the $90 a month these charges were in 2023, a rise of 16% to 41%.",
  "source": {
   "org": "This site",
   "title": "Bottom-up model, derived on the sources page",
   "url": "/sources/",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "derived",
   "scope": "cost",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "res-price-2020",
  "value": 13.15,
  "unit": "cents/kWh",
  "label": "US average residential electricity price, 2020",
  "source": {
   "org": "US EIA",
   "title": "Electric Power Monthly, table 5.3, average price of electricity to ultimate customers",
   "url": "https://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/epm_table_grapher.php?t=table_5_03",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "government",
   "scope": "cost",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "res-price-2025",
  "value": 17.3,
  "digits": 2,
  "unit": "cents/kWh",
  "label": "US average residential electricity price, 2025",
  "source": {
   "org": "US EIA",
   "title": "Electric Power Monthly, table 5.3, average price of electricity to ultimate customers",
   "url": "https://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/epm_table_grapher.php?t=table_5_03",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "government",
   "scope": "cost",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "res-price-rise",
  "value": 32,
  "unit": "%",
  "label": "rise in the US average residential electricity price, 2020 to 2025",
  "derivation": "17.30 ÷ 13.15 − 1 = 31.6%",
  "inputs": [
   "res-price-2025",
   "res-price-2020"
  ],
  "note": "Not adjusted for inflation. EIA does not attribute a share of the rise to datacenters; its May 2025 analysis points to capital spending on aging generation and delivery infrastructure.",
  "source": {
   "org": "US EIA",
   "title": "Today in Energy, May 2025, on rising retail electricity prices",
   "url": "https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=65284",
   "year": 2025,
   "kind": "government",
   "scope": "cost",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "va-scc-2026",
  "value": 11.24,
  "display": "$11.24",
  "unit": "a month",
  "label": "rise in the typical Dominion residential bill for 2026 approved by Virginia's regulator",
  "note": "From the biennial review order, with a further $2.36 a month in 2027. The commission's release does not attribute the increase to datacenters. The same order created the separate rate class for very large customers.",
  "source": {
   "org": "Virginia State Corporation Commission",
   "title": "Final Order in the Dominion biennial review, PUR-2025-00058, 25 November 2025",
   "url": "https://www.scc.virginia.gov/about-the-scc/newsreleases/release/scc-issues-order-on-dev-biennial-review-2025/scc-rules-in-dev-biennial-review-case.html",
   "year": 2025,
   "kind": "government",
   "scope": "cost",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "pjm-dc-share",
  "value": 46.2,
  "unit": "%",
  "label": "share of capacity charges across the last four PJM auctions tied to datacenter demand, existing and forecast",
  "note": "A counterfactual simulation by the market monitor that includes forecast load not yet built. Wholesale dollars, which reach household bills to different degrees by state and utility. PJM is the grid operator for 13 mid-Atlantic and midwestern states.",
  "source": {
   "org": "Monitoring Analytics (PJM Independent Market Monitor)",
   "title": "Market Monitor Report to the PJM Members Committee, 27 July 2026",
   "url": "https://www.pjm.com/-/media/DotCom/committees-groups/committees/mc/2026/20260727-web/item-02---marketing-monitoring-report---presentation.pdf",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "independent-estimate",
   "scope": "cost",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "pjm-dc-dollars",
  "value": 29.4,
  "display": "$29.4 billion",
  "unit": "",
  "label": "capacity charges across the last four PJM auctions tied to datacenter demand",
  "note": "Same basis and caveats as the 46.2% share.",
  "source": {
   "org": "Monitoring Analytics (PJM Independent Market Monitor)",
   "title": "Market Monitor Report to the PJM Members Committee, 27 July 2026",
   "url": "https://www.pjm.com/-/media/DotCom/committees-groups/committees/mc/2026/20260727-web/item-02---marketing-monitoring-report---presentation.pdf",
   "year": 2026,
   "kind": "independent-estimate",
   "scope": "cost",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 },
 {
  "id": "lbnl-load-price",
  "value": 0.6,
  "unit": "cents/kWh",
  "label": "fall in average retail price associated with a 10% rise in a state's electricity use, 2019 to 2024",
  "note": "Load growth \"has tended to depress retail electricity prices in recent years, by spreading fixed costs over greater load\". Residential customers benefited to a lesser extent, and the authors warn the relationship \"need not always exist\". The April 2026 update found it held through 2025.",
  "source": {
   "org": "Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and Brattle",
   "title": "Factors Influencing Recent Trends in Retail Electricity Prices in the United States, October 2025",
   "url": "https://eta-publications.lbl.gov/sites/default/files/2025-10/full_summary_retail_price_trends_drivers.pdf",
   "year": 2025,
   "kind": "government",
   "scope": "cost",
   "verified": "2026-10-01"
  }
 }
]